Richard III
(Pelican Shakespeare)
by Willam Shakespeare
Edited by Peter Holland
Synopsis:
Preceded by HENRY VI: Parts I, II, and III, RICHARD III concludes Shakespeare's four-part dramatic series chronicling the end of the Plantagenet family as rulers of England.
Upon the defeat of Richard, the hunchbacked Duke of Gloucester, at the battle of Bosworth field in 1485, the Plantagenets are replaced by the Tudors, marking the end of a long period of civil war in England.
RICHARD III is an early play in Shakespeare's oeuvre, probably written in 1591 when the century-old events it portrays were still part of the collective memory of the audiences at the Globe Theatre.
The ruthless and self-destructive Richard, who rises to power solely by means of a succession of horrific murders, is portrayed as a particularly evil and bloodthirsty villain, Shakespeare's worst--a characterization that subsequent scholarship has seen as possibly unfair.
In the play, written in a period when a physical deformity was often considered an emblem of a moral defect, Richard's vileness is seen as arising from his hunchback, his revenge against Nature for making him too ugly to be loved.
Shakespeare took some liberties with history and geography--Richard, for example, takes part in a battle that occurred when he was two years old--and RICHARD III (like much of Shakespeare) is rife with anachronisms.
The play also shows the influence of medieval morality plays, in which good and evil stood in stark contrast as a way of showing how human nature could be corrupted by temptation and sin.
Whatever the sources and inaccuracies of the play, what interested Shakespeare was the study of character, and the events of RICHARD III as he saw them afforded him an opportunity to explore evil and its consequences in one of his most fascinating works.*
Synopsis:
A guide to reading "Richard III" with a critical and appreciative mind encouraging analysis of plot, style, form, and structure. Also includes background on the author's life and times, sample tests, term paper suggestions, and a reading list.*
http://www.powells.com/cgi-bin/biblio?inkey=16-0140714839-0
Character List
Richard
Also called the duke of Gloucester, and eventually crowned King
Richard III. Deformed in body and twisted in mind, Richard is both the central character and the villain of the play. He is
evil, corrupt, sadistic, and manipulative, and he will stop at nothing to become king. His intelligence, political brilliance, and dazzling use of
language keep the audience fascinated—and his subjects and rivals under his thumb.
Buckingham
Richard’s right-hand man in his schemes to gain power. The duke of
Buckingham is almost as amoral and ambitious as Richard himself.
King Edward IV
The older brother of Richard and
Clarence, and the king of England at the start of the play.
Edward was deeply involved in the Yorkists’ brutal overthrow of the Lancaster regime, but as king he is devoted to achieving a reconciliation among the various political factions of his reign. He is unaware that Richard attempts to thwart him at every turn.
Clarence
The gentle, trusting brother born between Edward and Richard in the York family. Richard has Clarence murdered in order to get him out of the way. Clarence leaves two children, a son and a daughter.
Queen Elizabeth
The wife of King Edward IV and the mother of the two young princes (the heirs to the throne) and their older sister, young
Elizabeth. After Edward’s death, Queen Elizabeth (also called Lady
Gray) is at Richard’s mercy. Richard rightly views her as an enemy because she opposes his rise to power, and because she is intelligent and fairly strong-willed.
Elizabeth is part of the Woodeville family; her kinsmen—Dorset, Rivers, and Gray—are her allies in the court.
Dorset, Rivers, and Gray
The kinsmen and allies of Elizabeth, and members of the Woodeville and Gray families. Rivers is Elizabeth’s brother, while Gray and Dorset are her sons from her first marriage. Richard eventually executes Rivers and Gray, but Dorset flees and survives.
Anne
The young widow of Prince Edward, who was the son of the former king, Henry VI. Lady
Anne hates Richard for the death of her husband, but for reasons of politics—and for sadistic pleasure—Richard persuades Anne to marry him.
Duchess of York
Widowed mother of Richard, Clarence, and King Edward IV. The duchess of York is Elizabeth’s mother-in-law, and she is very protective of Elizabeth and her children, who are the duchess’s grandchildren. She is angry with, and eventually curses, Richard for his heinous actions.
Margaret
Widow of the dead King Henry VI, and mother of the slain Prince Edward. In medieval times, when kings were deposed, their children were often killed to remove any threat from the royal line of descent—but their wives were left alive because they were considered harmless.
Margaret was the wife of the king before Edward, the Lancastrian Henry VI, who was subsequently deposed and murdered (along with their children) by the family of King Edward IV and Richard. She is embittered and hates both Richard and the people he is trying to get rid of, all of whom were complicit in the destruction of the Lancasters.
The princes
The two young sons of King Edward IV and his wife, Elizabeth, their names are actually Prince Edward and the young duke of York, but they are often referred to collectively. Agents of Richard murder these boys—Richard’s nephews—in the Tower of London. Young Prince Edward, the rightful heir to the throne, should not be confused with the elder Edward, prince of Wales (the first husband of Lady Anne, and the son of the former king, Henry VI.), who was killed before the play begins.
Young Elizabeth
The former Queen Elizabeth’s daughter. Young Elizabeth enjoys the fate of many Renaissance noblewomen. She becomes a pawn in political power-brokering, and is promised in marriage at the end of the play to
Richmond, the Lancastrian rebel leader, in order to unite the warring houses of York and Lancaster.
Ratcliffe, Catesby
Two of Richard’s flunkies among the nobility.
Tyrrell
A murderer whom Richard hires to kill his young cousins, the princes in the Tower of London.
Richmond
A member of a branch of the Lancaster royal family. Richmond gathers a force of rebels to challenge Richard for the throne. He is meant to represent goodness, justice, and fairness—all the things Richard does not. Richmond is portrayed in such a glowing light in part because he founded the
Tudor dynasty, which still ruled England in Shakespeare’s day.
Hastings
A lord who maintains his integrity, remaining loyal to the family of King Edward IV.
Hastings winds up dead for making the mistake of trusting Richard.
Stanley
The stepfather of Richmond. Lord
Stanley, earl of Derby, secretly helps Richmond, although he cannot escape Richard’s watchful gaze.
Lord Mayor of London
A gullible and suggestible fellow whom Richard and Buckingham use as a pawn in their ploy to make Richard king.
Vaughan
A friend of Elizabeth, Dorset, Rivers, and Gray who is executed by Richard along with Rivers and Grey.
