Yu Kwan-Sun (1904–20)
Image source: The web page Ryu Kwan Sun’s Dungeon 800 Words:
http://www.crosswinds.net/~sroney/dungeon.html
I am one of Korea’s most famous independence fighters. I am very young, just sixteen years old, but people believe that I contribute significantly to the Independence Movement against Japan. I am enraged by what has happened to our country during the occupation and organize and provoke people to resist Japanese colonialism. I help plan the March 1, 1919 demonstration, a nonviolent peaceful protest similar to your Martin Luther King’s civil rights march on Washington in 1963. While most people followed King’s march on Washington, we plan our protest secretly. We catch the Japanese completely by surprise, a tribute to our careful organization as well as to the overly confident police. The peaceful demonstration sparks a nationwide movement in the following months and involves over one million people. Massive demonstrations on this scale are unprecedented, and it is clear that the Japanese do not think we are capable of such a concentrated effort.
We suffer greatly under Japanese rule. The idealism of Woodrow Wilson and his Fourteen Points raises our hopes at the end of WWI. We believe, perhaps naively, that Wilson’s proclamation of self-determination for subjugated peoples will somehow lead to Korean independence. Our hopes are very high.
The leaders of the movement write a Declaration of Independence, expressing our desire to be free and independent. Thirty-three Korean nationalists sign this document.
Three years before the demonstrations begin, I start attending the Ewha Girls’ School in Seoul, one of Korea’s earliest schools for women. I study very hard and become known as someone with firm convictions and commitment. When I return home during the summers to my small village, I teach people to read and expose them to Western science and geography, which is very different from the traditional Chinese classical education they are receiving.
In 1919 the determination to be independent from Japan reaches a climax when King Kojong, who abdicates his throne in 1907, dies in Seoul amid rumors he has been poisoned by the Japanese. My classmates and I join the nation in our sorrow for the king. Leaders of the Independence Movement decide to capitalize on the mood of the country and agree to massive demonstrations on March 1, two days before the king’s funeral.
When my friends and I get copies of the Declaration of Independence, we pledge that we will participate in a mass demonstration in Pagoda Park in downtown Seoul. Our principal strongly advises the students not to participate. However, on March 1, seven of us cut class and join the crowd at Pagoda Park. A few days later I join the protests, but this time I am arrested, though only for a short time.
When the governor-general closes all the schools in Seoul because of the unrest, I return to my hometown where I convince my brother and several friends to hold a rally similar to the one in Pagoda Park. With the help of members of a local church, I begin to organize a demonstration. I travel from village to village to get additional support. I announce that the signal for the demonstration to begin will be a lighted torch on the mountaintop.
I personally light the torch and carry it to the mountaintop.
The next day I address a crowd assembled in the market place. We wave the national flag, which is outlawed by the Japanese government. We shout for independence. The police appear and shoot down many people. My parents are among the first to be killed. They arrest many people, including me.
I am tortured for many days. Then I am transferred to a prison in Kongju. I am later tried, found guilty, and sentenced to three years in prison in Seoul. Prison life is very difficult for me. After a period of torture and suffering, I die. My last words are "Japan shall fall." I die along with an estimated 7,500 others in demonstrations that sweep the country in a period of ten months. There are approximately 45,000 arrests.
The movement fails terribly. Our country will not be independent until the Japanese are defeated in 1945. The twentieth century is a time of terrible sorrow for my people: occupation, war and political division. Yet we never give up hope to be a unified nation.
I am glad that I am remembered for my role in our history. I am often called the Korean Joan of Arc. I give hope to my people when they need it the most. There is a shrine in my memory in Ch’onan, the village of my birth. I am buried on the mountain where I carried the torch for freedom many years before. In Seoul there is a statue in my famous pose, arm outstretched, torch in hand.
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유관순의 오빠 유우석의 며느리인 김정애씨는 유관순의 이화학당 재학시절 찍은 사진을 보며 유관순의 생김새에 대해 다음과 같이 말했다. | ||||||
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1919년 1월 22일 광무황제(1852-1919)서거는 온 국민을 나라 잃은 슬픔에 젖게 했으며, 민족대표는 이 사건을 독립운동 절호의 기회로 삼았다.
1919년 3월 1일 서울은 전국에서 몰려온 애족행렬들로 넘쳐났다.
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유관순은 김복순, 국현숙, 서명학, 김희자 등과 함께 나라를 위해 목숨을 바칠 각오를 하고 ‘결사대'를 조직하여 3월 1일 독립만세운동에도 참여했다. 만류하는 프라이 교장선생님 등을 뿌리치고 학교담을 넘어 탑골공원까지 나가 만세를 부르고 돌아왔다.
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매봉을 중심으로 구밋들 우각산, 강단산, 백전리 돌산, 세성산, 아우내 장터 뒤 갓모봉, 봉화대, 개목산 등 일곱 개의 산에서 불길이 솟아 올랐다. 거의 같은 시간에 광덕산, 덕산, 화산, 진천의 덕유산, 구도산,서림산 동남편의 약사산, 청주방면의 수리봉, 남쪽의 백석봉, 남산, 발산, 망경대, 연기지방의 율산, 서남으로 마산, 장명리의 장산에서 또한 횃불이 치솟았다. 모두 24개소나 타 올랐다고 한다. | |||||||
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1920년 상해에서 간행된 김병조의 『한국독립운동사』(상)에도 아우내독립만세운동의 기사가 실렸다. | |||||||
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아우내독립만세운동이 일어난 지 6개월이 지난 1919년 9월 29일 조선군사령관 우츠노미야타로가 본국의 육군대신 다나카에게 3.1운동 중의 사상자에 대한 종합적인 보고를 하였는데 다음은 그 가운데 충청남도 천안군 병천에서 일어난 시위운동에 관한 기록이다. | |||||||
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공주감옥에서 만나 함께 재판을 받았던 이화동창인 김복희와 경성복심법원에서 상고심 재판을 받던 중에 유관순을 만나 직접 이야기를 들었던 이화학당 교사 박인덕, 공주감옥에서 함께 재판받았던 김현경은 유관순이 공주지방법원에서 7년형을 받았다고 하였다. 또한 조인원의 아들 조병호는 부친 조인원도 7년형을 받았다고 하였다.
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당시의 서울 서대문형무소 |
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Yu Kwan-Sun (March 15, 1904-October 12, 1920) was a student and organizer in what would come to be known as the March First Movement against the Japanese occupation of Korea in the South Chungcheong.[1] In 1919, Yu Kwan-Sun was a student at Ewha Womans University in Seoul, where she witnessed the beginnings of the March 1st Movement. Her deep faith in God and the teachings from the Methodist Ehwa School gave her the courage to act boldly.[2] The school went into recess, because of an order by the Japanese government to close all Korean schools. Yu Gwan-sun returned to her home in the Jiryeong village.
There, along with her family, she began to attempt to arouse public feeling against the Japanese occupation. She also planned a demonstration for independence, which included people from some neighboring towns, Yeongi, Chungju, and Jincheon, The demonstration was scheduled to start on the First lunar day of March 1919 at 9:00 a.m. in Aori Marketplace. She, along with about 2,000 demonstrators, shouted, "대한 독립 만세" (Daehan Dokrip Manse), which translates to "Long live Korean Independence!" The Japanese police were dispatched at around 1:00 p.m.
That same day, and Yu was arrested with other demonstrators. Both her parents were killed by Japanese police during the demonstration. She served a brief detention at Cheonan Japanese Military Police Station, and then she was tried and sentenced to seven years of imprisonment at Seodaemun Prison. During her sentence, Yu Gwan-Sun continued to protest for the independence of Korea, for which she received harsh beatings and torture. She died in prison on October 12, 1920, reportedly as the result of torture. Her last words were "Japan shall fall." The Japanese prison initially refused to release her body, but eventually and reluctantly the prison released her body to Fry and Walter, principals of Ehwa Women School and only after Fry and Walter threatened to expose this atrocity to the world. Her body was reported to have been cut into pieces.The dismembered body was contained inside the oil crate which was supposed to be returned to Saucony Vacuum Company. The Japanese Authorities did so as a retaliation against the threat from Ehwa School.
She was given a national burial in 1962.
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